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[영문] CONTENTS
1. Introduction = 1
1.1 Scope of Aquatic Chemistry = 1
1.2 The Solvent Water = 6
1.3 Solute Species = 9
Suggested Readings = 11
Appendix 1.1 : Some Useful Quantities, Units, Conve...
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[영문] CONTENTS
1. Introduction = 1
1.1 Scope of Aquatic Chemistry = 1
1.2 The Solvent Water = 6
1.3 Solute Species = 9
Suggested Readings = 11
Appendix 1.1 : Some Useful Quantities, Units, Conversion Factors, Constants, and Relationships = 11
2. Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics = 16
2.1 Introduction = 16
2.2 Chemical Thermodynamic Principles = 20
2.3 Systems of Variable Composition : Chemical Thermodynamics = 29
2.4 Gibbs Energy and Systems of Variable Chemical Composition = 32
2.5 Chemical Potentials of Pure Phases and Solutions = 35
2.6 Chemical Potentials of Aqueous Electrolytes = 38
2.7 The Equilibrium Constant = 41
2.8 The Gibbs Energy of a System = 44
2.9 Driving Force for Chemical Reactions = 49
2.10 Temperature and Pressure Effects on Equilibrium = 52
2.11 Equilibrium Tools = 57
2.12 Kinetics and Thermodynamics : Time and Reaction Advancement, ξ = 58
2.13 Rate and Mechanism = 61
2.14 Concentration Versus Time = 64
2.15 Theory of Elementary Processes = 69
2.16 Elementary Reactions and ACT = 76
2.17 Equilibrium Versus Steady State in Flow Systems = 79
Suggested Readings = 81
Problems = 82
Answers to Problems = 85
3. Acids and Bases = 88
3.1 Introduction = 88
3.2 The Nature of Acids and Bases = 90
3.3 The Strength of an Acid or Base = 92
3.4 Activity and pH Scales = 97
3.5 Equilibrium Calculations = 105
3.6 pH as a Master Variable ; Equilibrium Calculations Using a Graphical Approach = 118
3.7 Ionization Fractions of Acids, Bases, and Ampholytes = 127
3.8 Titration of Acids and Bases = 130
3.9 Buffer Intensity and Neutralizing Capacity = 134
3.10 Organic Acids = 140
Suggested Readings = 144
Problems = 144
Answers to Problems = 147
4. Dissolved Carbon Dioxide = 148
4.1 Introduction = 148
4.2 Dissolved Carbonate Equilibria(Closed System) = 150
4.3 Aqueous Carbonate System Open to the Atmosphere = 157
4.4 Alkalinity and Acidity, Neutralizing Capacities = 163
4.5 Alkalinity Changes = 172
4.6 Analytical Considerations : Gran Plots = 179
4.7 Equilibrium with Solid Carbonates = 186
4.8 Kinetic Considerations = 192
4.9 Carbon Isotopes and Isotope Fractionation = 195
Suggested Readings = 202
Problems = 202
Answers to Problems = 204
5. Atmosphere-Water Interactions = 206
5.1 Introduction = 206
5.2 Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity in the Atmosphere = 207
5.3 Gas-Water Partitioning : Henry's Law = 212
5.4 Gas-Water Equilibria in Closed and Open Systems = 216
5.5 Washout of Pollutants from the Atmosphere = 227
5.6 Fog = 229
5.7 Aerosols = 233
5.8 Acid Rain-Acid Lakes = 235
5.9 The Volatility of Organic Substances = 238
5.10 Gas Transfer Across Water-Gas Interface = 241
Suggested Readings = 248
Problems = 249
Answers to Problems = 251
6. Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution : Aspects of Coordination Chemistry = 252
6.1 Introduction = 252
6.2 Protons and Metal Ions = 258
6.3 Hydrolysis of Metal Ions = 263
6.4 Solubility and Hydrolysis : Solid Hydroxides and Metal Oxides = 272
6.5 Chelates = 275
6.6 Metal Ions and Ligands : Classification of Metals = 281
6.7 Speciation in Fresh Waters = 289
6.8 Seawater Speciation = 305
6.9 Kinetics of Complex Formation = 311
Suggested Readings = 319
Problems = 320
Answers to Problems = 322
Appendix 6.1 : Stability Constants = 325
Appendix 6.2 : The Various Scales for Equilibrium Constants, Activity Coefficients, and pH = 335
7. Precipitation and Dissolution = 349
7.1 Introduction = 349
7.2 The Solubility of Oxides and Hydroxides = 359
7.3 Complex Formation and Solubility of (Hydr)oxides = 368
7.4 Carbonates = 370
7.5 The Stability of Hydroxides, Carbonates, and Hydroxide Carbonates = 389
7.6 Sulfides and Phosphates = 398
7.7 The Phase Rule : Components, Phases, and Degrees of Freedom = 409
7.8 Solubility of Fine Particles = 413
7.9 Solid Solutions = 416
Suggested Readings = 420
Problems = 420
Answers to Problems = 424
8. Oxidation and Reduction ; Equilibria and Microbial Mediation = 425
8.1 Introduction = 425
8.2 Redox Equilibria and the Electron Activity = 426
8.3 The Electrode Potential : The Nernst Equation and the Electrochemical Cell = 441
8.4 pε-pH, Potential-pH Diagrams = 455
8.5 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters = 464
8.6 Effect of Complex Formers on the Redox Potential = 489
8.7 Measuring the Redox Potential in Natural Waters = 491
8.8 The Potentiometric Determination of Individual Solutes = 498
Suggested Readings = 506
Problems = 507
Answers to Problems = 512
Appendix 8.1 : Activity Ratio Diagrams for Redox Systems = 513
9. The Solid-Solution Interface = 516
9.1 Introduction = 516
9.2 Adsorption = 519
9.3 Adsorption Isotherms = 521
9.4 Hydrous Oxide Surfaces ; Reactions with <TEX>$$H^+$$</TEX>, O<TEX>$$H^-$$</TEX>, Metal Ions, and Ligands = 533
9.5 Surface Charge and the Electric Double Layer = 549
9.6 Correcting Surface Complex Formation Constants for Surface Charge = 568
9.7 Sorption of Hydrophobic Substances on Organic Carbon-Bearing Particles = 575
9.8 Ion Exchange = 586
9.9 Transport of (Ad)sorbable Constituents in Groundwater and Soil Systems = 594
Suggested Readings = 599
Problems = 601
Appendix 9.1 : The Gouy-Chapman Theory = 604
Appendix 9.2 : Contact Angle, Adhesion and Cohesion, the Oil-Water Interface = 608
10. Trace Metals : Cycling, Regulation, and Biological Role = 614
10.1 Introduction : Global Cycling of Metals = 614
10.2 Analytical Approaches to Chemical Speciation = 615
10.3 Classification of Metal Ions and the Inorganic Chemistry of Life = 625
10.4 Organometallic and Organometalloidal Compounds = 628
10.5 Bioavailability and Toxicity = 632
10.6 Metal Ions as Micronutrients = 637
10.7 The Interaction of Trace Metals with Phytoplankton at the Molecular Level = 641
10.8 Regulation of Trace Elements by the Solid-Water Interface in Surface Waters = 648
10.9 Regulation of Dissolved Heavy Metals in Rivers, Lakes, and Oceans = 654
10.10 Quality Criteria in Fresh Waters : Some Aspects = 666
Suggested Readings = 670
11. Kinetics of Redox Processes = 672
11.1 Introduction = 672
11.2 How Good an Oxidant Is 0₂? = 672
11.3 Can pε Be Defined for a Nonequilibrium System? = 677
11.4 Kinetics of Redox Processes : Case Studies = 679
11.5 Oxidants Used in Water and Waste Technology : A Few Case Studies = 691
11.6 Linear Free Energy Relations(LFERs) = 702
11.7 The Marcus Theory of Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer : An Introduction = 703
11.8 Nucleophile-Electrophile Interactions and Redox Reactions Involving Organic Substances = 710
11.9 Corrosion of Metals as an Electrochemical Process = 720
Suggested Readings = 725
12. Photochemical Processes = 726
12.1 Introduction = 726
12.2 Absorption of Light = 729
12.3 Photoreactants = 735
12.4 Photoredox Reactions : Photolysis of Transition Metal Complexes = 743
12.5 Photochemical Reactions in Atmospheric Waters : Role of Dissolved Iron Species = 744
12.6 Heterogeneous Photochemistry = 748
12.7 Semiconducting Minerals = 753
Suggested Readings = 759
13. Kinetics at the Solid-Water Interface : Adsorption, Dissolution of Minerals, Nucleation, and Crystal Growth = 760
13.1 Introduction = 760
13.2 Kinetics of Adsorption = 760
13.3 Surface-Controlled Dissolution of Oxide Minerals : An Introduction to Weathering = 771
13.4 Simple Rate Laws in Dissolution = 776
13.5 Rates of CaC0₃ Dissolution(and of CaC0₃ Crystal Growth) = 788
13.6 Inhibition of Dissolution = 795
13.7 Nucleation and Crystal Growth = 800
Suggested Readings = 816
14. Particle-Particle Interaction : Colloids, Coagulation, and Filtration = 818
14.1 Colloids = 818
14.2 Particle Size Distribution = 826
14.3 Surface Charge of Colloids = 834
14.4 Colloid Stability : Qualitative Considerations = 837
14.5 Effects of Surface Speciation on Colloid Stability = 842
14.6 Some Water-Technological Considerations in Coagulation, Filtration, and Flotation = 852
14.7 Filtration Compared with Coagulation = 857
14.8 Transport in Aggregation and Deposition = 858
Suggested Readings = 866
Appendix 14.1 : A Physical Model(DLVO) for Colloid Stability = 867
15. Regulation of the Chemical Composition of Natural Waters = 872
15.1 Introduction = 872
15.2 Weathering and the Proton Balance = 875
15.3 Isothermal Evaporation = 880
15.4 Buffering = 884
15.5 Interactions Between Organisms and Abiotic Environment : Redfield Stoichiometry = 886
15.6 The Oceans : Relative Constancy of the Composition and Chemical Equilibria = 895
15.7 Constancy of Composition : Steady State = 897
15.8 Hydrothermal Vents = 901
15.9 The Sediment-Water Interface = 903
15.10 Biological Regulation of the Composition = 908
15.11 Global Cycling : The Interdependence of Biogeochemical Cycles = 914
15.12 The Carbon Cycle = 916
15.13 Nitrogen Cycles : Pollution by Nitrogen Compounds = 927
15.14 The Sulfur Cycle = 932
Suggested Readings = 933
References = 935
Appendixes : Thermodynamic Data = 976
1 Revised Chemical Equilibrium Data for Major Water-Mineral Reactions = 977
2 Thermodynamic Data for Trace Metal Speciation in Seawater = 984
3 Thermodynamic Properties = 990
Index = 1005
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